Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health emergency that calls for treatment regimens directed at new targets. Here we explored lipoamide dehydrogenase (Lpd), a metabolic and detoxifying enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) whose deletion drastically impairs Mtb's ability to establish infection in the mouse. Upon screening more than 1.6 million compounds, we identified N-methylpyridine 3-sulfonamides as potent and species-selective inhibitors of Mtb Lpd affording >1000-fold selectivity versus the human homologue. The sulfonamides demonstrated low nanomolar affinity and bound at the lipoamide channel in an Lpd-inhibitor cocrystal. Their selectivity could be attributed, at least partially, to hydrogen bonding of the sulfonamide amide oxygen with the species variant Arg93 in the lipoamide channel. Although potent and selective, the sulfonamides did not enter mycobacteria, as determined by their inability to accumulate in Mtb to effective levels or to produce changes in intracellular metabolites. This work demonstrates that high potency and selectivity can be achieved at the lipoamide-binding site of Mtb Lpd, a site different from the NAD⁺/NADH pocket targeted by previously reported species-selective triazaspirodimethoxybenzoyl inhibitors.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Antitubercular Agents / adverse effects
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Antitubercular Agents / chemistry
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Antitubercular Agents / pharmacology*
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Arginine / chemistry
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Bacterial Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors*
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Bacterial Proteins / chemistry
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Bacterial Proteins / genetics
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Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
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Benzeneacetamides / adverse effects
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Benzeneacetamides / chemistry
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Benzeneacetamides / pharmacology
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Binding Sites
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Biological Transport / drug effects
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Cell Membrane / metabolism
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Cell Membrane Permeability
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Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase / antagonists & inhibitors*
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Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase / chemistry
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Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase / genetics
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Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase / metabolism
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Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
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Enzyme Inhibitors / adverse effects
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Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
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Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
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High-Throughput Screening Assays
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Humans
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Membrane Transport Modulators / adverse effects
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Membrane Transport Modulators / chemistry
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Membrane Transport Modulators / pharmacology
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Microbial Sensitivity Tests
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Molecular Conformation
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Mutant Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Mutant Proteins / chemistry
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Mutant Proteins / genetics
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Mutant Proteins / metabolism
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis / drug effects
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis / enzymology*
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis / metabolism
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Recombinant Proteins / chemistry
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Recombinant Proteins / metabolism
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Small Molecule Libraries
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Structure-Activity Relationship
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Sulfonamides / adverse effects
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Sulfonamides / chemistry
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Sulfonamides / pharmacology*
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Thioctic Acid / analogs & derivatives*
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Thioctic Acid / metabolism
Substances
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2-(2-amino-5-bromo-N-methylpyridine-3-sulfonamido)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
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Antitubercular Agents
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Bacterial Proteins
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Benzeneacetamides
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Membrane Transport Modulators
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Mutant Proteins
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Recombinant Proteins
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Small Molecule Libraries
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Sulfonamides
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Thioctic Acid
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lipoamide
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Arginine
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Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase